An Assessment of Exclusive Breastfeeding Practices Among Mothers in Kaduna State
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Background of the Study
Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) during the first six months of life is widely recognized as a cornerstone of child survival and development. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) recommend that infants be exclusively breastfed for the first six months, with continued breastfeeding alongside appropriate complementary foods for up to two years or beyond. This practice is critical in reducing infant morbidity and mortality, promoting optimal growth and development, and fostering mother-child bonding. Despite these proven benefits, the rate of exclusive breastfeeding remains suboptimal in many developing countries, including Nigeria.
Kaduna State, situated in northwestern Nigeria, reflects a mixed pattern of breastfeeding practices, with cultural, socio-economic, and health system-related factors influencing maternal feeding behaviors. Although Nigeria’s national health policies actively promote exclusive breastfeeding, data from recent health surveys indicate that the prevalence of EBF remains below the national target, with wide regional disparities. In Kaduna State, many mothers face challenges such as inadequate knowledge of breastfeeding benefits, pressure from family members to introduce complementary feeding early, and barriers to accessing postnatal support.
As child malnutrition and infant mortality continue to be significant public health concerns in Kaduna State, understanding the determinants and practices of exclusive breastfeeding is imperative. This study aims to assess the prevalence, influencing factors, and barriers to exclusive breastfeeding among mothers in Kaduna State, with a view to identifying strategies for improving maternal and child health outcomes.
Statement of the Problem
Despite numerous public health campaigns aimed at promoting exclusive breastfeeding, the practice remains suboptimal in Kaduna State. According to recent demographic and health surveys, a significant proportion of mothers initiate complementary feeding before the recommended six-month period, exposing infants to a higher risk of infections, malnutrition, and stunted growth. The reasons behind this include cultural norms that encourage early introduction of water and local herbal concoctions, maternal employment pressures, and inadequate support from healthcare providers.
The gap between policy recommendations and actual breastfeeding practices presents a critical public health challenge. Without a clear understanding of the factors that hinder or facilitate exclusive breastfeeding in Kaduna State, interventions may fail to achieve meaningful outcomes. This study seeks to address this gap by providing empirical insights into breastfeeding practices, maternal perceptions, and community influences, with the goal of strengthening breastfeeding promotion efforts in the state.
Objectives of the Study
- To assess the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers in Kaduna State.
- To identify the socio-cultural and economic factors influencing exclusive breastfeeding practices.
- To evaluate the barriers and facilitators of exclusive breastfeeding in Kaduna State.
Research Questions
- What is the current prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers in Kaduna State?
- What socio-cultural and economic factors influence exclusive breastfeeding practices in Kaduna State?
- What challenges and support systems impact mothers' ability to practice exclusive breastfeeding?
Research Hypotheses
- The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in Kaduna State is significantly below the national target.
- Socio-cultural norms and maternal employment status significantly influence exclusive breastfeeding practices.
- Access to breastfeeding support services positively impacts the likelihood of practicing exclusive breastfeeding.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study focuses on breastfeeding mothers in Kaduna State, evaluating their adherence to exclusive breastfeeding recommendations, and exploring the socio-cultural, economic, and healthcare-related factors affecting these practices. The study is limited to mothers with infants aged 0–6 months, and may not capture long-term breastfeeding practices beyond the six-month period.
Definitions of Terms
- Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF): Feeding an infant only breast milk, with no other liquids or solids, except for oral rehydration solutions or vitamins, for the first six months of life.
- Complementary Feeding: The introduction of solid or semi-solid foods to an infant’s diet, in addition to breast milk, typically after six months of age
- Maternal Support Services: Healthcare interventions designed to support mothers in initiating and maintaining breastfeeding, including counseling and lactation management.
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